Meaning of Political Theory

Meaning of Political guessPolitical speculation is a subdivision of the study of politics. It is a contested expression in that semipolitical theorists have failed to reach a consensus on an all in all-encompassing definition as any such definition is confine to alienate someone. Theorists have tried to bring some exactness to the contested concepts so that one can provide convincing arguments for the particular social arrangements aimed. However, john Plamenatz defined political theory as the systematic thinking about the purposes of government (Farrelly, 2004). The expression Political Theory is composed of two words, regime and Theory. Politics literally means the study of politics and it is about conflict of interest and its resolution which occurs at every level of the society. Theory is anything from a externalise to a piece of abstract knowledge. In academic discourse, however, a theory is an explanatory proposition, an imagination or set of stems that in some way c hance uponks to trim back order or meaning upon phenomena (Heywood, 2004). This paper therefore seeks to discuss what political theory is.The role of political theory is to analyze the political concepts, understand and comment them by dint of the use of the four tools concepts, models, theories and paradigms. Concept is a general idea about something usually expressed in a single word or short phrase that draws out meaning from an otherwise infinitely complex reality, for example equality, presidency, political party, power, social class, rights, law, etc. (Heywood, 2004). It helps to mark sense of the world by serving as a tool for thinking, criticizing, arguing, explaining and analyzing political developments and to classify objects by recognizing that they have similar tenors or properties, hence concepts serve as building obstructions of adult male knowledge. Model is a re fall ination of empirical data that aims to advance spirit by highlighting significant relations hips and interactions among variables, for example systems analysis, public natural selection, game theory, etc. Models be built around a number of concepts to aptly resemble the original object without ineluctably becoming its copy. A Theory is an explanation and prediction of relationships among particularized variables, for example pluralism, elitism, functionalism, etc. It is usually used interchangeably with model and may be explained by a series of models. A theory attempts to present a full explanation and prediction of future events while a model attempts to accurately conjecture reality. Paradigm is an intellectual framework comprising interrelated values, theories and assumptions, deep down which seek for knowledge is conducted. It consists of a set of principles that structure the process of intellectual inquiry, for example liberalism, Marxism, feminism, etc.According to Heywood (2004), political theory was broadly defined to include normative theory and systema tic theory. Normative theory contains the history of political ideas and the continuous generation of new ideas about what society ought to be. It is concerned with ethical or normative questions, such as why should I obey the state, how should rewards be distributed and what should be the limits of individual liberty. This traditional approach is primarily interested in examining how thinkers developed and confirm their views, and the intellectual context in which they worked. Systematic theory includes the explanation and understanding of the subsisting society and enables one to make projections for the possible future transformations. Given this going in the definition of political theory, it is not easy to reach a compromise on the definition. Political theory involves uninflected study of ideas and doctrines that have been key to political thought un wish Political Philosophy which is concerned with the critical evaluation of political beliefs, paying attention to both in ductive and deductive forms of argumentation and to clarify and refine the concepts employed in political discourse. It has attempted to understand better the behavior of actors standardized voters, politicians, lobbyists and bureaucrats, and has spawned rational plectrum, public choice and social choice schools of thought (Heywood, 2004).Hoffman and Graham, in their book, Introduction to Political Theory, explain that political theory takes account of activity that focuses on the states that are formed by political parties through elections to govern a country. In everyday life, we are guided by notions of right and wrong, justice and injustice, so that everything we do is informed by concepts, just like politicians. Humans in general cannot work without ideas as it is a defining property of human activity that we can only act when we have ideas in our head as to what we should do (Hoffman et al., 2009).The objective of political theory is withal to train citizens to think rati onally about political questions and assess correctly the political events of their time. Human beings are unique in two respects they possess reason and the ability to reflect on their actions. They state with each other in the language they know. Unlike other species, they can express their innermost thoughts and desires they can share their ideas and discuss what they consider to be good and desirable. Political theory has its grow in these twin aspects of the human self. It analyzes certain basic questions such as how the society should be organized, why government is needed, what is the best form of government, what does the state owe its citizens and what do we owe each other as citizens (www.politics.as.nyu.edu). It examines questions of this kind and systematically deals with the origins, meanings and significance of political ideas that we are familiar with such as freedom, equality, democracy, citizenship, justice, development, nationalism, secularism, etc. It clarifies the existing definitions of these concepts by focalisation on some major political thinkers of the ult and present. It also examines the extent to which freedom or equality are actually present in the institutions that we put down in everyday such as schools, shops, buses, trains, government offices, etc. It looks at whether existing definitions are adequate and how existing institutions of government and policy practices must be modified to become more democratic in a systematic manner. It probes the significance of principles such as rule of law, separation of powers, discriminatory review, etc. This is done by examining the arguments advanced by different thinkers in defense of these concepts. Besides examining arguments, political theorists also reflect upon the current political experiences and agitate out trends and possibilities for the future. When we begin a debate or argument on any topic, we usually ask what does it mean and how does it matter (www.politics.as.nyu.e du).ConclusionPolitical theory means theorizing politics. It encourages people to examine their ideas and feelings about political things. It exposes them to systematic thinking on justice or equality so that they can polish their opinions and wall in an informed manner and for the sake of common interests. It analyzes and explains political ideas and concepts rather than advance any particular beliefs or interpretations like what political philosophy does. In this context, political theory will mean an explanatory proposition, an idea or set of ideas that seeks to explain matters about politics.BibliographyFarrelly, C. (2003), An Introduction to Contemporary Political Theory, A reviewer Sage Publications Ltd, London.Heywood, A. (2004), Political Theory An Introduction, 3rd Edition Palgrave MacMillan, brand-new York.Hoffman, J. and Graham, P. (2009), Introduction to Political Theory, 2nd Edition Pearson Education Limited.(www.politics.as.nyu.edu), Chapter 1 Political Theory An Int roduction.pdf1Meaning of Political TheoryMeaning of Political TheoryThe term Political Theory is composed of two words Politics and Theory. Politics means the study of politics whereby theory is anything from a plan to a piece of abstract knowledge. In academic discourse, however, a theory is an explanatory proposition, an idea or set of ideas that in some way seeks to impose order or meaning upon phenomena. Political theory involves analytical study of ideas and doctrines that have been key to political thought (Heywood, 2004). This paper seeks to discuss the meaning of political theory.Political PhilosophyPolitical Philosophy is concerned with how the world ought to be rather than with how we see it now. In short this area of study is defined based on what is experienced rather than on theory. What political goals, is it reasonable and correct to follow? The meanig of this is to be leally employed to pursue such reasonable and main purpose. In short these are the impotant questio ns Political Philosophy tries to answer. Political philosophers have discussed them from antiquity to recent times, that is why the sound knowledge of the history of political thought isindispensable for political theorists. (Druwe ulrich)Political theory is concerned with ethical or normative questions, such as why should I obey the state?, How rewards should be distributed? and What should be the limits of individual liberty? This traditional approach is primarily interested in examining views by great thinkers, vindicate them and find out their sources and the intellectual context in which they worked. Political theory has attempted to understand better the behavior of actors like voters, politicians, lobbyists and bureaucrats, and has spawned rational choice, public choice and social choice schools of thought. Heywood, 2004Political theory examines questions of this kind and systematically clarifies the meaning of concepts such as freedom, equality, democracy, secularism and ju stice. It explains the meanings and significance of these and other related concepts. It clarifies the existing definitions of these concepts by focusing on some major political thinkers of the past and present. It also examines the extent to which freedom or equality are actually present in the institutions that we participate in everyday such as schools, shops, buses or trains or government offices. It looks at whether existing definitions are adequate and how existing institutions (government, bureaucracy) and policy practices must be modified to become more democratic in a systematic manner.Political theory probes the significance of principles such as rule of law, separation of powers, judicial review, etc. This is done by examining the arguments advanced by different thinkers in defense of these concepts. Besides examining arguments, political theorists also reflect upon the current political experiences and transfer out trends and possibilities for the future.The role of Po litical theory is to analyze the political concepts, understand them and criticize them through the use of the four tools concepts, models, theories and paradigms.Concept is a general idea or mental construct in which an attempt is made to draw out meaning from an otherwise infinitely complex reality, for example equality, presidency, political party, etc. It helps to make sense of the world by serving as a tool through which political developments are explained, analyzed, disapproved, and classifying of objects by recognizing that they have similar forms or properties. For example we must attempt to understand the political parties in Malawi since the colonial period to date. What we have seen, heard and experienced has acted as a building block for our knowledge Dr. E B Muluzi introduced starter pack fertilizer to famers but hunger still continued but Prof. Bingu Wa Muthalika analyzed what was in the past and introduced fertilizer subsidy, it worked and it put Malawi on the world map as a food self-sufficient. Therefore Concepts serve as building blocks of human knowledge.Model is an analytical tool through which meaning can be imposed upon a massive disorganized collection of facts , simplification of reality and merely a whatchamacallit for drawing out understanding but not reliable knowledge in themselves ,following and explaining Eastons systems model we see that people mean people who form political parties and their parties in estimate figures then inputs are manifestos which are made to convince voters to elect them into government and the gate keepers are mechanisms put in plaza to protect the government of the day like law enforcers. The government is the political party that has been elected into power by the people. Outputs are the developments that are unfold from their manifestos in order to fulfill their promises they made during campaign period.A model can also be defined as a representation of empirical data that aims to advance understandi ng by highlighting significant relationships and interactions among variables. Models are built around a number of concepts to aptly resemble the original object without necessarily becoming its copy.Theory is a reliable explanation, comprehensive, consistent and systematic prediction of relationships among specific variables. It is usually used interchangeably with model and may be explained by a series of models. A theory attempts to present a full explanation and prediction of future events while a model attempts to accurately reflect reality. The objective of political theory is to train citizens to think rationally about political questions and assess correctly the political events of our time. Human beings are unique in two respects they possess reason and the ability to reflect on their activities. In addition to that they also have the ability to use language and communicate with each other. Unlike other species, they can express their innermost thoughts and desires they can share their ideas and discuss what they consider to be good and desirable. Political theory has its root in these twin aspects of the human self. It analyzes certain basic questions such as how the society should be governed. Is the government needed? What form of government is best for us? Is our freedom limited by the law? What social contract is there between the state and its citizens? What about citizen to citizen?Paradigm is an intellectual framework comprising interrelated values, theories and assumptions, within which search for knowledge is conducted. It consists of a set of principles that structure the process of intellectual inquiry.ConclusionPolitical theory helps us in critical thinking, evaluation and understanding of ideas. As a human being we are able to enlarge our knowledge because it is through the study of political theory where we get building blocks of our knowledge. It also helps us to understand and evaluate manifestos of political parties in order to make informed decision and make a good choice during any election, in addition to that politicians are able to make decisions for their parties so that they can be voted into power in any election and they can be able to make a good government. Political theorys objective is to analyze and explain political ideas and concepts rather than advance any particular beliefs or interpretations like what political philosophy does. In this context, political theory will mean an explanatory proposition, an idea or set of ideas that seeks to explain matters in politics. In all political theory involves the analytical study of ideas and doctrines that have been central to political thought (Heywood 2004).BibliographyHeywood, A.(2004) Political Ideologies An introduction. 3rd ed. New York Palgrave Macmillan.Heywood, A.(2004) Political Theory An Introduction. 3rd ed. New York Palgrave Macmillan.Druwe Ulrich (1995)politische 2nd ed Neuried https ioenline. Microsoft.com./ ieslice.